Pexel / Cottonbro – Picture has been edited by Les 3 sex*

Review · Manosphere

13 March 2024
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The story of Elliot Rodger, at the age of 22, marks the first mass violence act committed by an individual identifying as an incel in Santa Barbara, California, in 2014. This young man had written a 137-page manifesto detailing his killing spree plan. Elliot, both murderer and martyr, laid the radical foundations of the incel movement through this massacre and his suicide. Contrary to expectations, this movement did not originate from cisgender men or a group of cisgender men, but rather from Alana, a united-statian student. She created the Alana's Involuntary Celibacy Project, an online forum for individuals experiencing frustration due to their celibacy. The project evolved into a platform for exchange, support, and sharing, until Alana eventually found a partner and temporarily withdrew from the forum. Following the Santa Barbara massacre, Elliot became a revered martyr on Alana's site, reinforcing a dominant sense of sexual frustration attributed to women (Bannet-Weiser et al., 2019). The forum then consisted mainly of cisgender heterosexual men, forming the premises of an anti-female social movement, the “involuntary singles” or “incels”. These hateful discourses later spread to other platforms such as Reddit, Twitter, or Youtube. Nowadays, incels form only a subgroup of a larger community known as the manosphere. This movement includes Men's Rights Activists (activists for allegedly declining rights of cisgender men), Men Going Their Own Way (deeply anti-feminist and misogynistic, rejecting all contact with women), Pick-up Artists (advocating manipulation and sexual harassment techniques to have sexual relations with women), and finally, incels. These movements are based on the dominant idea that women control societies and heterosexual intimate relationships at the expense of men's rights (Sparks et al., 2022). The presented articles explore the psychosocial characteristics of individuals belonging to the manosphere and demonstrate the influence of certain factors on the online activities of incels (such as the link between the level of dating competition and the number of incel tweets, for example). Additionally, individuals from the manosphere show a significantly different psychological profile compared to those not belonging to it, including emotional distress, anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem (Czerwinsky, 2023; Sparks et al., 2022). Thus, this review exposes the history, evolution, and characteristics of individuals belonging to online communities in the manosphere.

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misogyny, incel, pick-up artist, MGTOW, MRA, anti-feminism

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