Body image and body composition are subjects intrinsically linked to gender identity and gender expression. Muscles, including their quantity and appearances, are markers typically associated with masculinity. This review focuses on the links between muscles and the various ways in which masculinity is constructed, performed, and perceived. In the available literature, muscles are generally explored through an angle of body dysmorphia, where muscles are thought to be inadequate and insufficient, no matter one’s actual body composition. Associations between the practice of weightlifting or bodybuilding and adherence to hegemonic or dominant masculinities is often discussed throughout related literature. However, other types of masculinities have also been observed within weightlifting enthusiasts. Abundant motivational and self-promotional content generated by social media users is worth analyzing for apparent associations between weightlifting and masculinity ideals. Several studies have concentrated on anabolic or performance enhancing substances (steroids) used to maximize fitness progress and muscle hypertrophy in the contexts of recreational and professional bodybuilding. In particular, authors have contrasted masculinity aspects between men who use anabolic products and men who identify as “natural” bodybuilders. Finally, this review explores the importance and meaning of body and muscle perception for minority sexuality men, notably for trans men, and their masculinity.
Review • Muscles and masculinity
19 April 2024
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masculinity, masculinism, hegemonic masculinity, muscle, body image, weightlifting, bodybuilding, anabolic steroid
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